a、R=6//4//(5+3+6//12)=2欧,b、R=0.5+3//(1+0.5)=1.5欧,c、R=30//60+40//10=28欧,d、R=8//8+6//3=6欧,e、R=(4//4+10//10)//7=3.5欧。